Benchmarking Battery Packs

Benchmarking a battery pack data by specification? Whenever you look at a new design of battery pack it is important to do some benchmarking of that design in the context of other battery packs. Any new pack will be measured against some key pack metrics and hopefully using a standard list of benchmarking data. Hence a key part of BatteryDesign.net is to collect together material by standard benchmarking specification for some of the important battery packs.

battery pack mass versus total energy for all packs in the database and BMW picked out in red

The battery pack database is now available as an excel file via a download. This is $15 and gives high level data for a number of battery packs (see page for details).

Benchmark your design against the market and create plots easily.

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Audi

Audi etron GT quattro
Porsche Macan EV PPE Platform

AVATR

  • AVATR 12
    • 2024 AVATR 12 – a confusing set of images and data for this battery pack design.

BMW

  • i3 – this electric vehicle with optional range extender has steadily improved in battery capacity with the cell developments from Samsung SDI supporting the progress.
    • 2013 BMW i3 – the first generation of this EV and Range Extended EV.
  • GEN 5 Battery System – maximises number of cells per module, reduced number of modules and prismatic cell.
    • 2021 BMW iX3 – the first vehicle off the Gen5 electrification platform.
    • BMW i4 – pure EV
    • BMW i5
    • BMW i7
  • GEN 6 Battery System – this introduces the 4695 and 46120 cylindrical cells, due to be launched in 2025.
  • Research
BMW i3 60Ah battery
BMW iX3 vehicle in CAD

Boston Dynamics

BTCC

  • 2022 BTCC Hybrid Battery – an impressive MHEV battery pack designed by Delta Cosworth to hybridise the touring cars over 3 seasons of racing.

BYD

  • Blade – the cell to pack design based on LFP that achieves 150Wh/kg at launch. Used in the BYD Han.
    • The Blade cell was originally designed to enable Cell to Pack design, but has now been taken a step further with the Cell to Body approach.
  • e-Platform 3.0 – vehicle platform that takes the Blade technology to the next level with a Cell to Body approach.
    • Seal
    • Seal U
  • Shark PHEV – 29.58 kWh Blade battery pack.
  • e-Platform 4.0 – likely to be the basis for the electric vehicles from the end of 2024.
  • Blade 2.0

Canoo

  • Canoo LDV 190 – Panasonic 2170 based design with single sided busbars and cell base cooling.

CATL

  • Qilin CTP 3.0 – CATL’s latest design for cell to pack. CATL suggests that this integrated system can increase the energy density to 255Wh/kg for ternary battery systems (NMC, NMCX etc), and 160Wh/kg for LFP battery systems.
    • Shenxing – LFP chemistry with a 4C charge rate and all bundled into the CTP pack design
    • CATL Electrical to Thermal Isolation – a look at the partitioning of the electrical and thermal venting systems.
  • 24V Naxtra – 4.5kWh usable pack for commercial vehicle engine start and vehicle operation.
  • TECTRANS II – the Battery Data Behind IAA Transportation 2026

DACIA

  • Dacia Spring Extreme 65hp and Essential 45 hp with 26.8 kWh battery Pack.

Ducati

Electroflight

Ferrari

Fluence

Ford

Formula 1

  • Formula 1 Battery Rules – a look at the Formula 1 battery rules from 2014 to 2026 is interesting as this is the pinnacle of automotive racing.

Formula E

GAC Aion

  • Y Plus – the 2022 vehicle with the larger NMC battery pack made by CALB.

General Motors

  • Ultium – the new battery pack architecture from which GM will develop 30 new EV’s with a total volume of 1 million cars a year by 2025.
    • GMC Hummer EV – the first vehicle that uses the Ultium battery architecture.
    • Chevrolet Silverado EV – the 2024 line up shows that this vehicle is likely to get 3 battery capacities.

Honda

  • Honda e – Honda’s first EV urban vehicle.
  • e:Ny1 – all electric SUV from Honda

Hyundai

  • Ioniq5
    • 2024 Hyundai Ionic 5 N has revised battery chemistry to increase it to 84kWh. The battery operates at a nominal 697V and can deliver a peak of 585kW.
  • Kona

Isuzu

Iveco

Iveco S-eWay battery pack configurations
2024 Iveco S-eWay pack options for the rigid chassis trucks

JAC

  • Sehol E10X Sodium Ion – a VW/Seat joint venture with Anhui Jianghuai Automobile Group Corp. Ltd. (JAC) in China. They have used a Hina Sodium Ion battery pack to demonstrate the technology.

Kia

  • EV5
  • EV6
    • 2022 Kia EV6 – a really interesting pouch cell and module design that brings the cell in closer contact with the cooling fluid.
  • Niro
    • 2019 Kia Niro – battery pack design and structure shared with the Hyundai Kona. However, where the Kona uses LG cells, the Niro uses SK Innovation
Image courtesy Ralph Hosier Engineering Ltd

Koenigsegg

  • Regera – 4.5kWh PHEV battery designed by RIMAC

Lexus

  • RZ
    • 2023 Lexus RZ 450e – an interesting if perhaps unremarkable offering in terms of the battery pack.
  • UX

Lucid Motors

  • Air
    • Air Dream Edition
    • Air Grand Touring
    • Air Touring
  • Gravity

Mahindra

  • Inglo – the new BEV only platform that underpins the XEV 9e and BE 6e.

McMurtry

  • 2021 Speirling – race car with an 800V and 60kWh battery pack. We don’t know much about this and hence have made some estimations.

Mercedes

  • eActros Trucks
    • eActros 300 and 400 – 2 and 3 axle electric trucks using a modular battery pack design
    • eActros LongHaul – 600kWh in 3 packs and a change to LFP from NMC used in the previous eActros packs
  • AMG
    • HPB80 & HPB150 – dielectric cooled 21700 based PHEV pack design.
    • AMG GT XX – concept ev with aluminium case cylindrical cells in a dielectric cooled pack.
    • 2026 Mercedes-AMG GT 4 door Coupe – battery pack details have been released, 26105 cylindrical cell, NMCA, aluminium can.
  • EQ – the new all electric cars from Mercedes
    • 2021 EQA 250 – compact FWD SUV
    • EQB
    • EQC
    • EQE
    • 2021 Mercedes-AMG EQS 53 4MATIC+ – performance luxury electric vehicle offering from Mercedes.
    • EQS-SUV
    • EQV – V for Van
    • EQXX – Cell to Pack design for the Mercedes Vision EQXX battery is just one of the aspects that make this an interesting vehicle. OK, this is a research vehicle designed to push the envelope.
    • G 580 EQ – 122kWh pack put together using 216 CATL cells.
  • MMA – Mercedes-Benz Modular Architecture is an interesting LFP or NMC battery pack design.
Mercedes AMG HPB80
HPB80
a look inside the mercedes mma battery pack
MMA
Mercedes Vision EQXX battery versus the EQS battery
EQXX

MG

  • MG Rubik’s Cube Battery – the SAIC MG Rubik’s Cube battery is an interesting battery pack design. A rectangular and flat section pack designed to work in the Nebular vehicle platform. This platform covers a lot of vehicles from A-class to D-class and saloon, SUV, MPV and sports.

MotoStudent

NIO

  • ES6
    • ES6 150kWh – semi-solid state cells from WeLion delivering 260Wh/kg at pack level
  • Firefly
    • Nio Firefly Battery – swappable battery pack that uses the CATL Choco-SEB design and Sunwoda cells.

Nissan

  • Ariya
  • Leaf
    • 2010 Leaf 24kWh – the iconic EV first produced in December 2010
    • 2015 Leaf 30kWh – the upgrade in energy was achieved with the LG Chem 43Ah cell and an increase in the number of cells in a module from 4 to 8.
    • 2017 Leaf 40kWh
    • 2019 Leaf 62kWh

Polestar

Porsche

Renault

Renault 5 EV platform
Renault Ampere battery parts and partner companies

Rimac

  • Nevera – a 1.4MW battery is no mean feat of engineering.
  • SineStack – this is Rimac’s first move into grid storage.

Rivian

  • R1T – A Nice compact 144 kWh Battery pack with 9 Modules (7776 Cells) 21700 Samsumg 50G.
    • Rivian Max Battery Pack – moving to the Samsung 53G cell has increased the total energy content by 8.5kWh
    • Rivian R1 Gen 2 Battery – maybe not the full 70kg weight reduction that Rivian claim, but an interesting design.
      • 140kWh
      • 108.5kWh
      • 92.5kWh
  • R2 – a first look at the images and what we can estimate based on investor day data.

Stellantis

Group formed in 2021 with the merger of Fiat-Chrysler and PSA Group.

Tata

  • Nexeon
    • Nexon EV Prime 30.2 kWh and Max 40.5 kWh.

Tesla

Toyota

  • Prius
    • Prius 2004 Gen 2 battery pack (1.3kWh NiMh) – this was in the 2003 (2004 model year) Prius and is an old pack design, but based on the number of packs made and the success of the Prius HEV this is an important design and benchmark.
  • Mirai
    • Mirai 2020 battery pack (1.24kWh Li-Ion)
  • All-Solid State – vehicle licensed for road use August 2020

UBTECH

Vinfast

  • Theon S – electric 2 wheeler from Vietnam with an LFP Gotion based battery.
  • VF3

Volkswagen

  • MEB Platform – Volkswagen ID Family cars such ID 3, 4, 5, 7, Buzz are based on a Modular electric drive matrix (MEB) Chassis. This Chassis contains the battery pack built into the floor for optimal weight distribution.
  • PowerCo Unified Cell – a vision from VW to simplify it’s battery packs with one cell design that works across more than 80% of it’s products.
    • Gotion L600 LMFP Astroinno – it appears that VW have signed up to use this cell and hence question is whether this is part of their “Unified Cell” vision.
  • MEB+ – the ID 2 will be the first to see the new platform and the LFP cell.

Volvo

  • XC40 recharge
  • EX90
    • 2024 EX90 Twin Motor Performance Battery is the same 111 kWh shared with the Polestar 3.

Volvo Trucks

Xiaomi

  • SU7
    • SU7 Max Battery – launch Xiaomi SU7 battery is made by CATL and appears to be the Qilin approach with Xiaomi integrating this as a Cell to Body (CTB) design.
    • SU7 Ultra – 1330kW peak and 800kW at 20% SOC.

Xpeng Motors

  • Introduces Revolutionary SEPA 2.0 EV Architecture. Debuting on the G6 SUV

Zeekr

  • Zeekr 007 LFP battery – also described as the “Golden Brick Battery” pack.
  • Zeekr 140kWh CATL Qilin – a number of interesting design features and we need to see more details to fully understand how the cell vent gas is managed.
Zeekr 007 Golden Brick Battery
CATL Qilin battery pack exploded view
CATL Qilin battery pack

See also: Battery Cell Manufacturers A to Z, Costs, Teardown, Calculations behind the Benchmarks, ↑, Magnus (Estes Energy) Pack Benchmark