A high-temperature, self-segregating three-liquid-layer battery designed specifically for stationary, long-duration energy storage (LDES). Operating between 450°C and 500°C, the cell exploits immiscibility and density stratification: a low-density liquid calcium-alloy negative electrode floats on a molten halide salt electrolyte (CaCl2–LiCl or CaCl2–CaF2), which rests on a dense molten antimony positive electrode.
During discharge, calcium oxidises at the top interface, migrates as Ca2+ through the molten salt, and alloys electrochemically with the antimony base layer to form intermetallic Ca3Sb2. Because all active components and phase boundaries are liquid, the cell eliminates microstructural degradation, dendrite formation, and mechanical strain, achieving near-zero fade over multi-decade lifespans.
| Parameter | Value / Range | Notes / Context |
| Nominal Cell Voltage | 0.90 – 0.95 V | Open-circuit voltage (OCV) ~ 1.05 – 1.20 V |
| Specific Energy (Cell) | 60 – 80 Wh/kg | Heavily constrained by dense liquid antimony cathode |
| Energy Density (Cell) | 160 – 220 Wh/L | High volumetric mass density of liquid metal layers |
| Operating Temperature | 450 – 500 °C | Self-sustaining thermally under continuous daily cycling |
| Round-Trip Efficiency (DC) | 70 – 80 % | Ohmic drop in molten salt + thermal plant balance of plant |
| Cycle Life | >10,000 cycles | Liquid-liquid interfaces suffer zero morphological degradation |
| Charge / Discharge Window | 0.5 – 1.4 V | Voltage ceiling limited by electrolyte breakdown |
| Self-Discharge | High quiescent thermal loss | Standby requires insulation / auxiliary heating |
See also: Sodium Nickel Chloride Battery