Traditionally the 12V battery has been the electrical energy storage device used in passenger vehicles. The most common chemistry has been lead acid, however, since the early 2020s there has been a continuing shift towards lithium iron phosphate. This 12V supply sits alongside the rest of the low-voltage wiring, connectors and fusing in the vehicle, which are covered in more detail on the electrical system of battery page.
12V System Voltage Limits
High level overview of the automotive based 12V system voltage limits.
Mastering 12V Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) Batteries
Unravelling Benefits, Limitations, and Optimal Operating Voltage for Enhanced Energy Storage, by Christopher Autey
See also: 24V Battery, Cybertruck 48V Auxiliary Battery vs. 12V & 16V, DC-DC