A review of the Solid State Cell Companies and their technology by Dr. Simon Madgwick, Chief Executive Officer, Nuvvon Inc.
Top 10 Solid State Battery Companies
Those providing a meaningful level of information to analyse, as well as showing progress in solid state development (rather than a 10-year-old out-of-date website). For further background, see our related articles 10 things about SSBs that you are often not told and Things about Solid State Packaging that you are often not told.
Blue Current (US)
bluecurrent.com Solid polymer-sulfide separator, silicon anode with polymer (not lithium compatible / suggests lithium is dangerous), dry catholyte, states low pressure but requires 1 MPa (10 bar)
Blue Solutions (France)
blue-solutions.com PEO polymer. Quasi solid. Requires high temperature to operate (80 deg-C). Lithium metal but low energy density, LFP cathode
Factorial (US)
factorialenergy.com Semi solid state, polymer separator, lithium metal, catholyte unclear – presumably why semi solid, requires high pressure to operate (13 bar), temperature range unstated for cell
Ion Storage Systems (US)
ionstoragesystems.com Semi-solid state (unstated), ceramic separator, strange “anodeless” claim noting ceramic anode host for lithium, ambient pressure, wide temperature range claim may not include liquid catholyte, scale challenge for garnet ceramics
Nuvvon (US)
nuvvon.com Solid polymer separator and solid polymer catholyte, thin lithium metal anode, ambient pressure, wide temperature range (-10 to +80 deg C), produced on existing Li-ion process See our related coverage: Ultra-Low Temperature Cycling with Nuvvon SSB.
ProLogium (Taiwan)
prologium.com Ceramic semi solid state, silicon graphite anode, good low temp operation, limited upper temp requires cooling system, unstated operating pressure, not lithium compatible, average energy density
QuantumScape (US)
quantumscape.com Ceramic semi solid state, lithium anode, gel catholyte, requires pressure to operate (3.4 bar), long term issues due to ceramic process scaleup
SES US
ses.ai Polymer hybrid, lithium metal, liquid catholyte, high operating pressure (12 bar), upper temperature limitation due to liquid electrolyte
Sion Power (US)
sionpower.com Ceramic polymer hybrid, lithium metal, liquid catholyte, unstated level of high pressure to limit dendrite formation, unstated temperature range
Solid Power (US)
solidpowerbattery.com Sulfide separator requiring very high pressure (unstated), catholyte unclear, silicon anode, operating temperature unclear, hydrogen sulfide risk
OEMs & Strategics
We have to take them seriously because they dominate the battery sector, but unfortunately their SSB announcements contain next to zero information and they often have multiple options and collaborations in parallel.
CATL (China)
Options being developed – possibly via collaborations including polymer solid state
Honda (Japan)
honda/en/tech/All-solid-state_battery_technology/ Sulfide separator, high pressure process, catholyte unclear
LGES (Korea)
news.lgensol.com Polymer and Sulfide options being developed – possibly via collaborations
Nissan (Japan)
nissan-global.com/EN/INNOVATION Probably sulfide, requires surface pressure, not lithium compatible, catholyte not stated
Samsung SDI (Korea)
samsungsdi.com/column/technology Sulfide separator requiring pressure and heat, carbon-silver anode, catholyte unclear, also developing oxide separator, expected to mass produce in 2027
SK ON (Korea)
skinnonews.com Oxide separator (LLZO) and sulfide separator options, catholyte not stated, pressure not stated. Recently announced a polymer separator for hybrid solid state
Toyota/Panasonic (Japan)
toyota.ie/company/news Sulfide separator, very high pressure (unstated), not lithium compatible (carbon/silicon), catholyte unclear
Micro SSB Players
This is niche and unscalable but sometime more true to solid state – things are simpler in a tiny compressed coin cell.
Audiance US
audiance-inc.com Polymer solid electrolyte for small medical devices
Ensurge US
ensurge.com Wearables, ceramic separator, anodeless lithium, catholyte not stated
Ilika UK
ilika.com Micro solid state – ceramic separator, high temperature limit, larger format uses silicon anode cells, catholyte not stated, pressure not stated
Iten France
iten.com Micro solid state ceramic 3D cell, wide temperature range, not lithium, low voltage, ceramic separator (requires sintering), catholyte not stated
Lion Volt Netherlands
lionvolt.com Wearable 3D thin film architecture
Murata Japan
murata.com Micro solid state – ceramic separator – catholyte not stated
SOLiTHOR Belgium
solithor.com Nano-solid composite oxide electrolyte, room temperature operation, nano-lithium, catholyte not stated
“others”
A long, long list of players generating solid state publicity but little evidence or information.
24m (US)
24-m.com Semi-solid cell manufacturing process, pressure required to accommodate expansion/contraction (spring loaded clamping fixtures)
Adden Energy (US)
addenenergy.com Separator only, multiple ceramic layers, compatible with lithium with silicon particles, not solid catholyte, pressure not stated
Ampcera US
ampcera.com Ceramic and sulfide separators, not solid catholyte, non std process, pressure not stated
Anthro Energy (US)
anthroenergy.com Solid polymer electrolyte, lithium metal, NMC, catholyte unclear, std process, operating pressure unstated, operating temperature unstated
BasqueVolt (Spain)
basquevolt.com Polymer solid-state, lithium anode, catholyte unstated, operating pressure unstated, operating temperature unstated
C4V (US)
chargecccv.com Not yet solid state. Not lithium metal. Solid polymer separator with liquid catholyte requiring “in-situ cooling loop”, operating pressure unstated
Dragonfly (China)
dragonflyenergy.com Manufacturing process for solid-state, dry powder coating, multiple layers
ElecJet (Alpine 4) (US)
elecjetpowercells.com Ceramic separator, catholyte not stated, anode not stated, pressure not stated
Enpower (Japan)
enpower-greentech.com Sulfide separator, lithium metal, catholyte unclear, unstated pressure, 350Wh/kg
Gangfeng Lithium (China)
ganfenglithium.com Ceramic semi-solid-state, lithium, cooling system, unstated pressure
Georgia Tech (US)
news.gatech.edu/news/2022 Rubber-polymer solid electrolyte – separator only, catholyte not stated
Gotion High Tech (China)
gotion.com Semi-solid, operating pressure unstated, operating temperature and range unstated
Hitachi Zosen (Japan)
hitachizosen.co.jp Probably sulfide, no liquid, not lithium compatible, apparently not requiring pressure
HPB (Germany)
highperformancebattery.ch Solid state LFP cell technology.
Hydro Quebec (Canada)
hydroquebec.com Polymer separator, lithium anode, catholyte not stated, LFP, pressure and temperature not stated, developing ceramic-polymer electrolyte with NMC
Inventus (India)
inventus.in Lab scale ceramic separator, lithium metal
Johnson Energy Storage (US)
johnsonenergystorage.com Oxy-sulfide glass separator and glass catholyte, lithium anode, wide temperature range, process uses molten glass to penetrate thin cathodes, lab concept scale, pressure not stated
Kaist (Korea)
Polymer rubber separator, catholyte not clear, limited information
LiNa Energy (UK)
lina.energy Solid-state sodium cell, NaNiCl ceramic separator, catholyte unclear, unstated operating pressure
NASA (US)
nasa.gov Sulfide separator. Anode not stated. Pressure unstated. Catholyte unstated.
Piersica (US)
piersica.com 3D lithium anode, polymer separator, NMC compatible, catholyte unclear, room temperature conductivity, unstated operating pressure or temperature range
Prieto (US)
prietobattery.com 3D polymer solid state, copper foam structure, copper-antimony anode
Qingtao Energy (China)
no information
Sakuu (US)
sakuu.com 3D printed battery cells, lithium anode, dry printed cathode, catholyte unclear, pressure not stated, temperature range not stated
Soelect (US)
soelect.com Polymer separator, lithium metal, catholyte unclear, unstated operating pressure or temperature range at cell level
Solid State Battery Inc – not active ? (US)
ssbats.com Solid separator using polymer and ionic materials and nano particles
StoreDot (Israel)
Not solid state, targeting fast-charge EV, silicon anode, liquid electrolyte throughout, 6-year roadmap to solid state
SVolt (China)
svolt-eu.com Sulfide hybrid, high temperature range, expected by 2030
Tailan New Energy (China)
newmobility.news/2024/ Oxide solid electrolyte, moulding process, lithium anode, manganese cathode
WeLion New Energy (China)
solidstatelion.com Solid-liquid cell, NMC811, silicon anode, limited temperature range, pressure not stated
GS Yuasa (China)
gs-yuasa.com Little information
Zakuro (China)
zakurobattery.com Lithium metal, no liquid, limited information
Liquidated Players
Finally and sadly the growing number of liquidated players. RIP. These are big players who have spent hundreds of millions and sometimes billions of dollars but didn’t work out. It’s a tough gig.
BrightVolt (US)
brightvolt.com Lithium polymer solid state, very thin electrodes (<10um), high power but low density, operating pressure unstated, operating temperature unstated, company liquidated 2024
Cuberg (US)
cuberg.net Polymer separator with liquid electrolyte, lithium metal, requires pressure, limited temperature range, company dissolved by NorthVolt 2024
Ionic Materials (US)
ionicmaterials.com/batteries/ Polymer separator, not lithium stable, catholyte unclear, pressure not stated, temperature range not stated, company liquidated 2024
If you would like to add to this table or write an in-depth article about one of the chemistries please do drop us a line.
Cell Manufacturers
More than 100 cell manufacturers listed by chemistry, cell format and downloadable as an excel file.
See also: Solid-State Production Timelines: OEM Claims vs. Actual Dates
Hi, we’re in the game and would love to help push the industry forward from our Michigan, Tokyo and Beijing HQ Labs. Thanks for including.
Enpower Greentech Inc. (EGI) specializes in the development of Next-Generation batteries, including Lithium Metal Batteries (LMB) and sulfide-based All-Solid-State Batteries (ASSB). EGI offers fast prototyping of customer-designed battery samples in pouch or cylindrical cell formats, with energy densities reaching up to 500 Wh/kg and 1000 Wh/L for pouch cells, and up to 380 Wh/kg and 850 Wh/L for cylindrical cells.
Alpine 4 Holdings Inc.
Alpine4.com
Subsidiary Elecjet is currently manufacturing True Solid State Batteries. Ceramic and graphene in nature.
Elecjetpowercells.com
Marketing under subsidiary RCA’s Powerable.com
and
https://prelaunch.com/projects/powertote-powertote-by-powerable-the-future-portable-power
Subsidiary Vayu Aerospace also has installed these SSB’s in their G1 drone sold under government contracts.
https://t.co/HWUpjB2QRn?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Eembeddedtimeline%7Ctwterm%5Escreen-name%3Aalpine4holdings%7Ctwcon%5Es1
Please add to your list.
Audiance Inc.
http://www.audiance-inc.com
Audiance is developing novel rechargeable polymer electrolyte batteries to enable implantable medical devices. Out battery technology achieves exceptional safety and stability standards.
Hi Paul. not many details to really understand what the technology is. Can you share more so that we can review and add to the list?